摘要:目的 了解老年与非老年社区获得性肺炎(CAP)的流行病学特征。方法 选取2015年1月-2017年3月于西南医科大学附属医院就诊且确诊为CAP的患者598例,根据年龄分为老年组(≥65岁)和非老年组(<65岁),随访并记录其相关资料。结果 老年组合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)、高血压病、冠心病、肾功能不全、脑血管疾病明显多于非老年组(P<0.05);老年组更容易出现呼吸困难、咳脓性痰(P<0.05),非老年组更常表现为发热、胸痛(P<0.05);老年组D-D二聚体浓度和合并有低蛋白血症高于非老年组(P<0.05);结论 老年与非老年CAP的流行病学特征有诸多不同,在临床工作中应区别对待,给予针对性治疗。
关键词:社区获得性肺炎;老年;流行病学
中图分类号:R563.1 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1672-3783(2018)01-0081-02
Abstract:Objective The study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of community- acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the elderly and non-elderly. Methods 598 hospitalized patients with CAP in the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University were prospectively studied from January 2015 to March 2017. All patients were divided into the elderly (≥65) and the non-elderly group(<65). All patients eolled were followed-up and recorded.Results Compared with the non-elderly, comorbidities, such as COPD, hypertension, coronary heart disease, renal insufficiency, cerebrovascular disease were more common in the elderly(P<0.05). The elderly, often lacking the symptoms such as fever, and chest pain observed in the non-elderly(P<0.05), however, presenting with dyspnea, purulent sputum(P<0.05). When compared with the non-elderly, higher d-dimer, hypoalbuminemia and multi lobe infiltration were more common in the elderly(P<0.05).Conclusions CAP in the elderly and non-elderly were so different in epidemiological characteristics that we must pay attention to the difference and give definitive therapy.
Key words:Community-acquired pneumonia; the elderly; epidemiology
社區获得性肺炎(community acquired pneumonia,CAP)是指在医院外罹患的感染性肺实质(含肺泡壁即广义上的肺间质)炎症,包括具有明确潜伏期的病原体感染而在入院后平均潜伏期内发病的肺炎[1]。CAP是最常见的感染性疾病,其发病率及病死率在全球各个地区均较高,不仅威胁个人健康,而且也增加国民经济负担[2,3]。据WHO估计,全球每年有近4.5亿肺炎患者,约400万人死于本病,大概占年总死亡率的7%,接近45%的CAP发生在老年人中[4],每年总花费接近122亿美元[5],老年人发病率最高,为4.2‰,病死率高达25%。[3,5]。国际上通常的看法是将超过65岁定义为老年人,当一个国家或地区65岁以上老年人口占总人口的7%,就意味着这个国家或地区处于老龄化社会。据国家统计局公布的数据显示[7],我国已经是一个老龄化社会。老年人由于多器官功能下降,呼吸道局部微环境抵抗能力下降,合并基础疾病增加,使得老年CAP的诸多特征与非老年CAP不尽相同[8]。本研究旨在了解本地区老年CAP和非老年CAP的流行病学特征,以期更好的指导临床治疗。
1 资料和方法
1.1 入选对象及标准
2015年1月-2017年3月于西南医科大学附属医院就诊且确诊为CAP的住院患者598例。其中,老年组和非老年组各299例。CAP的诊断及排除标准参照«社区获得性肺炎诊断和治疗指南»[1]。
1.2 研究方法
收集并记录入选患者的基本信息;于入院后24小时内完成相关血液指标的检测;入院48小时内行胸部影像学检查;入院当时行CURB-65评分。
1.3 统计方法
本次实验搜集的资料输入Excel 2007中进行保存,对实验所得数据结果采用SPSS 21.0数据分析软件进行处理。
2 结果
2.1 老年组和非老年组一般情况的比较
老年组合并COPD、高血压病、冠心病、肾功能不全、脑血管疾病更多(P<0.05),老年组CURB-65≥2多于非老年组(P<0.05)。详见表1。
2.2 老年组和非老年组临床特征的比较
非老年组表现为发热、胸痛多于老年组(P<0.05),老年组表现为咳脓性痰、呼吸困难多于非老年组(P<0.05);老年组D-D二聚体浓度更高,更容易合并低蛋白血及表现为多肺叶浸润(P<0.05)。详见表2。
3 讨论
虽然超广谱抗微生物药物、强杀菌药物的不断问世,CAP仍然是威胁人类健康的重要疾病,尤其是随着社会人口老龄化,免疫抑制宿主的增加,CAP常见病原菌的动态变迁和抗生素耐药率上升,CAP的治疗面临着许多问题和挑战[10,11]。老年人整体及肺局部抵抗力低下,免疫反应减低[12],导致老年CAP的诸多特征与非老年CAP不尽相同。本研究显示,入选的CAP患者总体病死率为6.63%,老年组为10.03%,非老年组为3.01%,与文献报道的接近[13];老年人合并基础疾病者明显多于非老年者,针对这一现象,需要合理选用抗菌药物及适当调整剂量。老年CAP有 “无呼吸道症状的肺炎”之称,本研究显示,老年CAP患者缺乏典型的急性呼吸道症状,故需加强对老年患者非特异症状的警觉性。
综上所述,老年CAP与非老年CAP的临床特征及常见病原菌分布均不尽相同,故在实际临床工作中应加以区别对待,加强对老年CAP特殊性的认知,对于提高老年CAP的诊治水平有着十分重要的作用。
参考文献
[1]中华医学会呼吸病学分会.社区获得性肺炎诊断和治疗指南[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志,2006, 29(10): 651-655.
[2]Simonetti AF, Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, et al. Management of community acquired pneumonia in older adults[J]. Ther Adv Infect Dis, 2014, 2(1):3-16.
[3]Sato R, Gomez Rey G, Nelson S, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia episode costs by age and risk in commercially insured US adults aged ≥50 years. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2013,11(3):251-258.
[4]Vissink CE, Huijts SM, de Wit GA, et al. Hospitalization costs for community acquired pneumonia in Dutch elderly: an observational study[J]. BMC InfectDis, 2016, 16(1): 466-474.
[5]Colice GL, Morley MA, Asche C, et al. Treatment costs of community acquired pneumonia in an employed population[J]. Chest, 2004, 125(6): 2140-2045.
[6]Shea KM, Weycker D, Stevenson AE, et al. Modeling the declinein pneumococcal acute otitis media following the introduction of pneumococcal Conjugate vaccines in the US[J]. Vaccine, 2011, 29(45) : 8042-8048.
[7]中華人民共和国2014年国民经济和社会发展统计公报[J]. 中国统计, 2015, 03: 6-14.
[8]Marrie TJ, File TM Jr. Bacterial Pneumonia in Older Adults[J]. Clin Geriatr Med, 2016, 32(3):459-77.
[9]尚红,王毓三,申子瑜.全国临床检验操作规程[M]. 上海:人民卫生出版社,2015, 636-637.
[10]Remington LT, Sligl WI. Community-acquired pneumonia. Curr Opin Pulm Med, 2014, 20(3):215-24.
[11]Akyıl FT, Hazar A, Erdem İ, et al. Hospital Treatment Costs and Factors Affecting These Costs in Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Turk Thorac J. 2015,16(3):107-113.
[12]Ren WY, Li L, Zhao RY, et al. Age-associated changes in pulmonary function: a comparison of pulmonary function parameters in healthy young adults and the elderly living in Shanghai[J]. Chin Med J (Engl), 2012 ,125(17):3064-3068.
[13]Boe DM, Boule LA, Kovacs EJ. Innate immune responses in the ageing lung[J]. Clin Exp Immunol, 2017, 187(1):16-25.
扩展阅读文章
推荐阅读文章
推荐内容
77范文网 https://www.hanjia777.com
Copyright © 2015-2024 . 77范文网 版权所有
Powered by 77范文网 © All Rights Reserved. 备案号:粤ICP备15071480号-27