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明代戏曲艺术功用观念嬗变论析

来源:公文范文 时间:2022-11-04 12:50:04 点击: 推荐访问: 功用 嬗变 戏曲

关键词:戏剧艺术;晚明;文以载道;文以自娱;心学;商业经济

摘要:明代晚期,戏曲艺术在功用观念上由此前极端重视传统意义上的艺术教化的非审美功能转向高扬艺术审美情感、重视艺术自身特征的审美功能,完成了由“文以载道”向“文以自娱”的嬗变。这种嬗变是明中后期以来心学播布、市民文艺繁荣和商业经济发展等因素相互作用和渗透的必然结果,推动了晚明戏曲艺术的极大繁荣和发展。而戏曲艺术娱乐观念的流行,预示着戏曲文学传统功利主义功能的淡化,而其作为艺术本体的审美特性得到了强化与凸显,这对文学艺术本身的发展与文学艺术特质的丰富都有着极大的促进作用。在这一嬗变过程中,虽然艺术的教化功用观念已经明显下降,并退居次要地位,但其作为功能体系中唯一涉及作品社会意义的重要审美标准,仍旧是艺术审美与批评的重要标准之一。

中图分类号:I206文献标志码:A文章编号:1009-4474(2016)01-0055-09

Evolution of the Idea of Opera Function in Late Ming Dynasty

WU Yanfa

(School of Literature and Art and Media, Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu 233030, China)

Key words: the art of drama/opera; Late Ming Dynasty; Literature Carrying Tao; Selfamusement with Literature; philosophy of mind; commercial economy

Abstract: Late Ming opera art completed its evolution on the function idea from literature carrying Tao to selfamusement with literature. The evolution inevitably resulted from the extensively sowing of the philosophy of mind, the prosperity of citizen literature and art, the development of commercial economy, and their interaction with one another. Artistic function concept turned from the earlier extreme attention to the traditional art education function to the later lifting up art aesthetic emotion and attaching the importance to the aesthetic function of arts own characteristics. Thus, Late Ming opera art obtained its prosperity and development. Furthermore, the popularization of opera art entertainment idea showed that traditional utilitarian function of opera art was desalination, while its aesthetic traits of art ontology had been strengthening and highlighting. And this would greatly promote the development of literature and art and eich their characteristics. In the process of evolution, though the enlightenment function of art concept had declined obviously, and even relegated to a secondary position, but as a functional system only involved in the social significance of important aesthetic standard, it would remain one of the important standards of artistic aesthetics and criticism.

艺术本质上是情感的表现。艺术的审美情感,亦即审美价值,是构成艺术功用的核心要素。而艺术的功用研究,就是要揭示社会某一时期某一艺术作品或整个艺术对人类的价值内涵。晚明文人审美情感中所蕴涵的崇尚隐逸超脱、向往闲适逸趣、倾心世俗与自由的时代精神〔1〕,决定了他们必然把艺术作为抒情写意、悦性弄情的娱乐工具。这种功用观念落实到艺术或艺术活动上,则必然表现为对艺术娱乐价值的追求。

西南交通大学学报(社会科学版)第17卷第1期吴衍发 明代戏曲艺术功用观念嬗变论析 隆万之际是晚明艺术的发轫期。自此时期始,在诗歌、戏曲、通俗小说以及绘画、书法等文学和艺术领域广泛存在着一反儒家“中和”之美的审美传统而向着“奇”与“怪”的方面发展的现象。晚明文人操觚染翰,制曲编戏以寄情,“文以自娱”自然也就替代了“文以载道”,从而在观念和实践上完成了由“文以载道”到“文以自娱”的嬗变。

一、文以载道:明代戏曲艺术对教化功用的阐扬有明以来,艺术作为维护封建统治秩序的工具,其功能长期受限于“经夫妇、成孝敬、厚人伦、美教化、移风俗”这一传统观念。明初《大明律》明文规定民间演剧不准妆扮“帝王后妃、忠臣烈士、先圣先贤”,但“神仙道扮及义夫节妇、孝子贤孙、劝人为善者,不在禁限”。于是高明的《琵琶记》便以“不关风化体,纵好也徒然”相标榜,明确以“政教风化”作为艺术批评的标准;朱元璋的儿子朱权高举歌功颂德、粉饰太平的旗帜,号召艺术创作要“返古感今,以饰太平”、讴歌“皇明之治”、“以歌人心之和”(《太和正音谱》);皇室贵族朱有燉也强调戏剧创作“使人歌咏搬演,亦可少补于世教”(《搊搜判官乔断鬼》传奇引)。如此等等,无一不是在为戏曲艺术的功用观念定弦定调。因此当时戏曲创作中点缀升平的娱乐之作和宣扬封建伦理道德的作品盛行,最有影响的朱有燉的杂剧、丘濬的《五伦全备记》和邵灿的《香囊记》等,均代表了这一倾向。譬如邱濬《五伦全备记》一开场即谓“若于伦理无关紧,纵是新奇不足传”,并在副末开场也强调“一场戏里五伦全,备他时世曲,寓我圣贤言”、“虽是一场假托之言,实万世纲常之理,其于出出教人,不无小补”〔2〕。邵燦的《香囊记》首出中也宣称“为臣死忠,为子死孝”的纲常伦理,并强调“今即古,假为真,从教感起座间人。传奇莫作寻常看,识义由来可立身”〔3〕。凡此种种,皆是对“不关风化体,纵好也枉然”主张的继承和恶性发展。于是教化论成为明初戏曲艺术的基本功能,也成为戏曲创作必须遵循的根本准则。

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